{"id":526,"date":"2019-10-10T21:23:42","date_gmt":"2019-10-10T21:23:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sectigostore.com\/blog\/?p=526"},"modified":"2025-04-28T12:23:26","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T12:23:26","slug":"what-is-owasp-what-are-the-owasp-top-10-vulnerabilities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sectigostore.com\/blog\/what-is-owasp-what-are-the-owasp-top-10-vulnerabilities\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is OWASP? What Are the OWASP Top 10 Vulnerabilities?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Explore the 10 most critical OWASP vulnerabilities and how to mitigate them<\/strong>.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/sectigostore.com\/blog\/what-is-owasp-your-guide-to-the-open-web-application-security-project\/\">Open Web Application Security Project<\/a>, or OWASP, is a worldwide not-for-profit that attempts to educate business owners, developers, and users about the risk associated with web application vulnerabilities. OWASP is a community of professionals where everyone can volunteer to participate and work toward creating a knowledge base for application security. All materials are available under a free and open software license. One example of the organization\u2019s work is its <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.owasp.org\/index.php\/Category:OWASP_Top_Ten_Project\" target=\"_blank\">top 10 project<\/a>, which produces its OWASP top 10 vulnerabilities reports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Every few\nyears, OWASP releases the list of the top 10 web application security\nvulnerabilities that are commonly exploited by hackers (ranked according to\nrisk) and provides recommendations for dealing with these attacks. The list\nacts as an awareness document for security professionals and organizations to\nhelp them better understand their current security posture and become better\nequipped to find and mitigate these risks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>OWASP\nTop 10 Vulnerabilities<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>An open call\nfor data goes out from OWASP to the industry and companies that perform secure\ncode reviews, penetration testing, etc. send in their data anonymously. The data\nis then collated to produce the frequency of each risk, and each vulnerability\nis assigned a score based on its exploitability, prevalence, detectability, and\ntechnical impact. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let us discuss\nthe current OWASP top 10 vulnerabilities list (which is from 2017) and look at\nways to remediate these risks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1.&nbsp;Injection<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>From verbose error messages to sensitive information getting leaked, injection flaws can lead to undesirable and disastrous outcomes. Injection flaws include but are not limited to SQL injection, LDAP injections, or file system injections. Carried over from the 2013 OWASP list, injection flaws occur when the application takes in user-supplied data (in a form field or a search query) and passes it onto the backend database or server without proper input validation checks. A hacker could craft a string with the intention of exploiting the application, and without adequate input sanitization, the query gets executed on the server. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"523\" height=\"145\" src=\"https:\/\/sectigostore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/SectigoStore-Graphic-for-OWASP.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Injection Attack         \" class=\"wp-image-527\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sectigostore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/SectigoStore-Graphic-for-OWASP.png 523w, https:\/\/sectigostore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/SectigoStore-Graphic-for-OWASP-300x83.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 523px) 100vw, 523px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 1: Illustration of an Injection Attack<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Remediation Measures:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Use a combination of parameterized queries, stored\nprocedures, output escaping, and whitelists for server-side input validation.<\/li><li>Use database controls like LIMIT to prevent mass\ndisclosure in case of a successful injection attack.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.&nbsp;Broken Authentication<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Like injection, broken authentication has\nnot changed position in the <a href=\"https:\/\/sectigostore.com\/blog\/owasp-iot-top-10-iot-vulnerabilities\/\">OWASP top 10 vulnerability list<\/a> since 2013. A misconfigured\nauthentication system could allow attackers to impersonate legitimate users by compromising\npasswords, session tokens, etc. The technical impact is severe. If you could\nlog in as anybody else, you could potentially have access to all resources on\ntheir website or application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Remediation Measures:<\/strong> Use a\ncombination of tactics to mitigate your risks: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA).<\/li><li>Avoid using default credentials.<\/li><li>Implement strong password policies.<\/li><li>Use controls such as delayed failed logins,\nrandomized session IDs, session timeouts, etc. as preventive measures. <\/li><li>Be sure to log all failed login attempts. &nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.&nbsp;Sensitive Data Exposure<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In this vulnerability, sensitive data such as financial information, health records, user credentials, etc. that should typically be encrypted or kept hidden is visible as plaintext. This means hackers could gain access to such information by executing man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks to steal data in transit. Sensitive data exposure has become increasingly common over the past several years. As such, it\u2019s climbed up three positions from its previous list ranking in in 2013. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"610\" height=\"324\" src=\"https:\/\/sectigostore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/OWASP-top-10-graphic.png\" alt=\"Figure 3: Sensitive Data Exposure    \" class=\"wp-image-528\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sectigostore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/OWASP-top-10-graphic.png 610w, https:\/\/sectigostore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/OWASP-top-10-graphic-300x159.png 300w, https:\/\/sectigostore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/OWASP-top-10-graphic-560x297.png 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 2: Illustration of Data Exposure <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Remediation Measures:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Classify application data being processed,\nstored or transmitted by level of sensitivity, and apply controls accordingly. <\/li><li>Enforce encryption and use proper key management\nand standard algorithms. <\/li><li>Disable caching for responses containing\nsensitive data and avoid storing any data unnecessarily.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4.&nbsp;XML External Entities (XXE)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>XXE takes advantage of the XML parsers in a\nweb application that might process and execute some payload included as an\nexternal reference in the XML document. This vulnerability was added to the\nlist based on the statistics returned by companies running static analysis\ntools. Over the last couple of years, they\u2019ve observed this vulnerability in\nXML processing has steadily gained traction and has become a more serious risk\nto web applications. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If an attacker adds or modifies these entities in an XML file and points them to a malicious source, they can cause a denial of service (DoS) attack or an SSRF attack. They can also scan internal systems, run port scans, extract data, etc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> Here&#8217;s an attack scenario from OWASP that involves an attacker attempting to extract data from the server: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>&lt;?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"ISO-8859-1\"?>\n&lt;!DOCTYPE foo [\n&lt;!ELEMENT foo ANY >\n&lt;!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM \"file:\/\/\/etc\/passwd\" >]>\n&lt;foo>&xxe;&lt;\/foo><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Remediation Measures:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Implement server-side input validation,\nsanitization checks, etc. to prevent hostile data within XML documents. <\/li><li>Disable XML external entity and DTD processing.<\/li><li>Use timeouts, and test any place where uploads\nare made. <\/li><li>Use less complicated formats like JSON, avoid\nserialization of sensitive data, and patch all XML processors and libraries.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5.&nbsp;Broken Access Control<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\n  \n \n\n \n \nMissing function level access control and insecure direct object\nreferences \u2014 two categories from the 2013 OWASP vulnerabilities list \u2014 merged\ninto broken access control in the latest list published by OWASP. Broken access\ncontrol refers to weakness in the access control system that allow attackers to\nbypass authorization and gain access as privileged users. For instance, an\napplication could allow users to change which account they are logged into\nmerely by modifying a part of the URL. \n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Remediation Measures:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>With public resources being the exception, deny\nall other resources by default and maintain logs for access control failures\nand alert admins. <\/li><li>Implement and re-use access control checks\nthroughout the application, including minimizing cross-origin resource sharing\n(CORS) usage.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6.&nbsp;Security Misconfigurations<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This category refers to the improper\nimplementation of a wide variety of controls that keep application data safe. Misconfiguring\nsecurity headers, ignoring verbose error messages leaking sensitive\ninformation, neglecting to patch or upgrade systems, and using default\nconfigurations can all give rise to this vulnerability. Dynamic application\nsecurity testing (DAST) can be used to detect such misconfigurations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Remediation Measures:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Implement a secure installation process,\nincluding a system hardening process. Remove (or do not install) any\nunnecessary, unused features or frameworks. <\/li><li>Utilize a \u201csegmented application architecture\u201d\nthat implements a zero-trust model and allows only the desired behavior while\nblocking the rest. This helps to provide a secure separation between components\nor tenants, with segmentation, containerization or ACLs.<\/li><li>Also be sure to review all permissions, update\nconfigurations, and install patches.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>7.&nbsp;Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Cross-site scripting has moved down the list of OWASP top 10 vulnerabilities from third place in 2013 to seventh in 2017 \u2014 not necessarily because it has gotten any better, but because the other vulnerabilities have gained precedence. It\u2019s still a common vulnerability affecting more than two-thirds of the application vulnerabilities that were submitted to OWASP for the 2017 list. The attacker essentially injects a script into the page output of someone else\u2019s web application. The browser gets duped into believing it is a part of the page and runs the script. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, an attacker could send\nan email with a malicious link to a victim and make it seem like it\u2019s coming\nfrom a trusted source. Upon clicking the link, the code gets executed in the\nvictim\u2019s web browser and can be used to steal session cookies, user\ncredentials, or deliver malware.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Remediation Measures: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Use frameworks such as the latest Ruby on Rails,\nwhich filters out XSS by design. <\/li><li>Implement data escaping techniques, apply\ncontext-sensitive encoding, and enable content security policy (CSP) as\nmitigation measures.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>8.&nbsp;Insecure Deserialization<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The concept of serialization is taking an\nobject from the application code and converting it into a stream of bytes or\ninto a format where it can be used for other purposes such as sending it over\nthe wire or storing it on a disk. Deserialization is the opposite \u2014 it refers\nto converting serialized data back into objects usable by the application. This\nattack refers to these data objects being tampered with so when it is\ndeserialized at the other end it leads to serious consequences like a distributed\ndenial of service (DDoS) attack or a remote code execution. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Remediation Measures: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Don\u2019t accept serialized objects from untrusted\nsources. <\/li><li>Implement integrity checks and enforce strict\ntype constraints during deserialization. <\/li><li>Log all deserialization exceptions and failures\nwhile monitoring deserialization, and restrict all network connectivity from\ncontainers or servers that deserialize.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>9.&nbsp;Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This section of the OWASP top 10 vulnerabilities list refers to the widespread issue of using components such as libraries to implement a certain functionality without first verifying their legitimacy or without using updated versions of those components. The exploitability score is variable depending on what and where the vulnerability is. For example, if there is a bug in a public-facing web server that\u2019s more exploitable than a vulnerability in a less visible component or library. Attackers look for security flaws in these components and because developers reuse them across websites, if a weakness is exploited, it could potentially leave hundreds of pages vulnerable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Remediation Measures: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Use components from official sources only and\nmaintain a current inventory of them. Remove unused dependencies, unnecessary\nfeatures, components, etc. <\/li><li>Monitor for version updates and patches for both\nclient and server-side components along with their dependencies. <\/li><li>Continuously monitor sources like CVE for\nvulnerabilities in the components.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>10.&nbsp;Insufficient Logging &amp; Monitoring<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To detect data breaches, organizations need\nto log events that are of interest to them in the context of their web\napplication. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/downloads\/cas\/861MNWN2\">average\ndiscovery time<\/a> for a security breach is more than six months after it has\nhappened, giving attackers plenty of time to wreak havoc. Logging refers to\nrecording the occurrence of an event or security incidence in your web\napplication such as repeated failed login attempts from the same IP. Monitoring,\non the other hand, refers to continually keeping an eye on these logs to\nescalate to the incident response (IR) team for timely action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Remediation Measures: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Ensure all suspicious activities (such as failed\nlogins, access control failures, input validation failures, etc.) are logged to\nidentify malicious accounts in a format that can be fed into a centralized log\nmanagement solution. <\/li><li>Maintain detailed audit trails for important\ntransactions to prevent tampering or deletion.<\/li><li>Establish an incident response and recovery\nplan.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Issues like injection, XSS, etc. continue to appear, year after year, in the list of OWASP vulnerabilities as a reflection of the mistakes we keep on making while writing code and testing. A security-driven mindset is required at the management level to avoid a preference for functionality at the cost of security while passing directives to developers. It\u2019s high time that security stopped being an afterthought in the software development life cycle and is incorporated into the process right from the get-go.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explore the 10 most critical OWASP vulnerabilities and how to mitigate them. The Open Web Application Security Project, or OWASP, is a worldwide not-for-profit that attempts to educate business owners,&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":531,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[12],"class_list":["post-526","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-web-security","tag-owasp-top-10-vulnerabilities","post-with-tags"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What Is OWASP? 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